Cool or what? A solar-powered transistor radio from 1957.Book review: Build your own transistor radios.It was the start of a portable audio trend that would include the boombox, the Walkman, CD players, the iPod and other MP3 players, and now smartphones. Some estimates suggest that there are more than seven billion transistor radios in existence. The transistor radio remains one of the most popular communications devices. Although its price was high in terms of 1950s dollars, nearly 100,000 of the pocket radios were sold in a year. When it went on sale on November 1, the Regency TR-1 cost $49.95. ![]() The 5×3×1¼-inch radio used four TI transistors and a TI subminiature output transformer, according to a TI press release issued on October 18, 1954. The new transistor radio would be introduced in New York and Los Angeles by mid-October to take advantage of holiday sales. Koch designed a feedback circuit that accommodated the tolerance of production-run components and let them be soldered directly into the boards without manual selection. Prototype transistor radios built prior to the TR-1 required manually selecting and matching electrical components to make them work, which in turn created a prohibitive cost per unit for large-scale production. You can view the patent and schematics here. The “transistor radio apparatus” was patented by IDEA’s Richard Koch in 1955. TI soon partnered with the Regency Division of Industrial Development Engineering Associates (IDEA). In the spring of 1954 and with a prototype in hand, TI searched out an established radio manufacturer to develop and market a radio using its transistors. Haggerty decided TI would develop the transistor radio business and the company’s semiconductor products division took on the challenge of developing a method for mass-producing germanium transistors. ![]() With these factors in mind, TI’s executive vice president Pat Haggerty “decided that the electronics industry needed a transistor wake-up call and that a small radio would provide it,” according to TI’s Web site.
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![]() There's no good place to connect it to your iPad when you aren't using it, you need to remove the cap and plug the end of the stylus into the iPad to charge it (it has a Lightning connector), and it loves to roll off any surface. The first-generation Pencil has some drawbacks. The Pencil is also great for navigating iPadOS, which has handwriting support in various search fields so you don't need to switch to the keyboard to type-and it's handy for signing or marking up documents. Like a normal pencil, your lines get thicker as you press down harder. It's excellent for drawing, with an imperceptible delay as the Pencil moves across the glass display. The entire current lineup supports it, from the Mini to the Pro. The Apple Pencil is one of the most useful tools you can add to the iPad. It's hard to find faults here-Zugu also donates 10 percent of all its profits to charitable causes like Children International. It's well-designed, comes in an array of colors, is reasonably priced, and even has a spot to securely store the Apple Pencil when it's not charging. Because the cover is rigid and large, it's also one of the most stable iPad cases I've ever used on my lap.īest of all, since the case is magnetic, you can just stick the whole thing to a fridge and it stays secure. Flip it around and pull out the flap on the back to magnetically adjust the screen for up to eight ( eight!) different angles. The cover is magnetized so it stays shut (and can wake or put the screen to sleep). There's a sizable lip sticking out of the edges to protect the screen if it falls flat, which is nice. It feels durable, with a rigid bumper around the edges, and the buttons are easy to press. Zugu has been making iPad cases for a long time, and it has one for practically every model out there. It took mere minutes to realize I was looking at the best iPad case I'd ever tried. ![]() iPad Pro 12.9-inch : 6th generation (2022).iPad Pro 11-inch : 4th generation (2022).If you see a retailer mentioning a specific generation, this is Apple's current lineup: Just search for the product name and your iPad model. Most of our picks below are for the newest hardware, but they're often also available for older iPads. (Pro tip: Use your browser's "Find in Page" function to type in your model number and locate it quickly.)Īccessory makers usually indicate what iPad a case, folio, or keyboard cover is designed to work with. Look for your corresponding model number, and that's it! You found your iPad model. Etched on the back cover, near where it says "Designed by Apple in California," should be a model number starting with the letter A. Do you have the iPad Pro from 2017 with the 10.5-inch screen? Or the 9.7-inch one from 2016? It doesn't help that Apple avoids the sequential naming structure it uses for the iPhone. There are so many iPads out there, it can be hard to identify the exact model you own. Each month during an equal payments plan you are required to pay in full by the due date that month’s equal payments plan instalment. There is no administration fee charged for entering into a special payments plan. However, if we do not receive the full minimum due on a statement within 59 days of the date of that statement, or any event of default (other than a payment default) occurs under your Cardmember Agreement, all special payment plans on your account will terminate and (i) you will then be charged interest on the balances outstanding on such plans at the applicable regular annual rate from the day after the date of your next statement, and (ii) the balances outstanding will form part of the balance due on that statement. ![]() Interest does not accrue during the period of the plan. *Financing available is “Equal payments, no interest” for 24 months (unless otherwise stated) and is only available on request, on approved credit and on purchases of $150 (unless otherwise stated) or more (Gift Cards excluded) made with your Triangle credit card at Canadian Tire, Sport Chek, Mark’s, L’Équipeur, Atmosphere, Sports Rousseau, Hockey Experts, L’Entrepôt du Hockey and participating Sports Experts. NSF/Dishounoured Payment Fee: $25 - Charged if a payment you make is dishonoured.Ĭharges for Copies: $2 - Charged when you request a copy of a statement.Ĭredit Balance Fee: The lesser of $2 or the amount of your credit balance - Charged on the last day of a billing period when there is a credit balance on the account and the account has been inactive (other than any credit balance fees) for the previous 2 billing periods. ^ Information for the Triangle™ Mastercard® and Triangle™ World Elite Mastercard®:Īnnual Interest Rate(s): All charges to your account (excluding cash transactions and related fees) - 20.99%Ĭash transactions (for example: cash advances, balance transfers, convenience cheques, money transfers, purchase of travellers cheques and gambling transactions) and related fees - 21.99% (if you reside in Quebec) or 22.99% (if you reside outside Quebec).įor the Triangle Mastercard only: If you are not approved for a card at the above rates, Canadian Tire Bank may still issue you a card at the following annual interest rates: (i) if you are a resident of Quebec, 21.99% for all charges or (ii) if you reside outside of Quebec, 25.99% for all charges (excluding cash transactions and related fees) and 27.99% for cash transactions and related fees.įoreign Exchange Conversion: All transactions made in a foreign currency will be converted to Canadian currency at the then current Mastercard conversion rate plus 2.5% (for charges to your account) or minus 2.5% (for credits to your account) when the transaction is posted to your account.Ĭash Advance Fee: $4 - Charged when the transaction is posted to your account. Bonus CT Money collected from online orders will be applied to the Member’s Triangle Rewards Account within five weeks of the purchase date. CT Money is collected on the pre-tax amount of the purchase. The offered rate is exclusive of any bonus or promotional offers or redemption transactions. ![]() Visit for full program rules and Partner location information. Not all items sold are eligible to earn CT Money or to be redeemed for. The 30X for Triangle Mastercard, World Mastercard and World Elite Mastercard customers consists of the 10X everyday plus the 20X bonus. Example: On a $100 (pre-tax) purchase with a 20X bonus multiplier a Member would earn a bonus $8 in CT Money (20 X. Any bonus multiplier is based on the base rate of collecting CT Money (0.4%), and will be added to whatever the Member would otherwise collect, without the bonus. You cannot collect paper Canadian Tire Money on bonus offers. ![]() To collect bonus CT Money you must present a Triangle Rewards card/key fob, or use any approved Cardless method, at time of purchase or pay with a Triangle credit card. Rewards are in the form of electronic Canadian Tire Money® (CT Money®). ![]() Triangle™ Mastercard®, Triangle™ World Mastercard® and Triangle™ World Elite Mastercard® are issued by Canadian Tire Bank. †The Triangle Rewards Program is owned and operated by Canadian Tire Corporation, Limited. ‡Was price reflects the last national regular price this product was sold for. Selection and availability may vary by location. **Online prices and sale effective dates may differ from those in-store and may vary by region. ![]() Smartphone that routes internet connections through the Tor networkĪ Tor Phone refers to the concept of a smartphone that routes internet connections through the Tor network. The first Tor Phone was a prototype smartphone released in 2016 by The Tor Project, which gave users the ability to route internet connections through Tor for anonymity. These are the most anonymous, private, censor-free dark web chat links out there. Work on Tor Phone was launched in 2014, and a "Tor-enabled Android phone prototype" was announced in 2016. Nearly 20 Tor chat room links is what we’ve compiled throughout this list. This should be considered a working but not final version. Warning We are currently redesigning the torchat protocol from the bottom up. The project was led by Mike Perry, Tor Browser lead developer. A simple chat client for the TOR network. Tor Phone refers to a smartphone set to route internet connections through Tor network, for example using the Orbot application and Android VPN settings, although according to developer Mike Perry in 2016, Android's VPN APIs were not secure and could leak data at boot, which affects Orbot too. (No offence) Close TorChat Download the offical Tor Browser Bundle from Tor Project Extract Tor Browser Bundle to: c: Copy: C:Tor BrowserTortor.exe to c:TorChatbinTor Copy: C:Tor BrowserTorlibea圓2. The best alternative is Torchat, which is both free and Open Source. Maybe, its a good idea to put it on GitHub/TorChat landing page if youre not able to keep the windoze zip current. There are 2 alternatives to jTorchat for Linux, Online / Web-based and Windows. The prototype Tor Phone was based on CopperheadOS, which added additional security features. jTorchat is described as 'stands for Java Torchat, and is a complete rewrite of the popular p2p IM messenger Torchat' and is a instant messenger in the social & communications category. Another option is to use Torbrowser on smartphones. Follow-on project, GrapheneOS supports using Orbot (Tor) VPN, but not Tor browser, on Android-based phones. As of February 2022 or earlier, Orbot is also available for iOS phones. The number of Tor users on phones is unknown. As of 2016 there were about 2 million daily Tor users, total, including all devices and methods. In 2018 Louis Adam of ZDNet France discussed new official support of Tor Project for Tor services on Android phones, including Tor Browser and Orbot. ![]() John Corpuz of Toms Guide listed Tor Browser (Desktop and Android), and Onion Browser (iOS) as two of 16 "best ad blockers in 2021". Using Tor with Orbot and Tor Browser are supported by custom Android operating systems CalyxOS and DivestOS. Proporciona mensajes de texto y transferencias de archivos criptográficamente seguros. (es) TorChat ss un servicio de mensajería instantánea descentralizado y anónimo que utiliza los servicios ocultos como su red subyacente. In January 2015 David Briggs and Nick Spriggs began an unsuccessful Indiegogo campaign to make the BOSS phone, an Android-based phone with "rooted Tor encryption" to anonymize and privatize internet browsing. TorChat es software libre licenciado bajo los términos de la Licencia Pública General de GNU (GPL). ![]() Go down to the roulette tables and ask Chowchilla Charlie for a passport. Go to your bar and pick up the bottle of Marillo de Oro and have a sip. Go downstaris, talk to Glottis and talk about leaving town. Pick up Salvadors letters on Manny's desk in Rubacava and Read ALL of them! Go back down the stairs to Glottis and Velasco and chat with him about his eyepatchĬomplete the first year in Grim Fandango! Chat with Celso about getting a job.Īfter Velasco drags you out of the water in Rubacava. When you get to the tree farm in the petrified forest, chat with glottis about the farm after he brings out the wheelbarrow. Manny should shout "Run you pigeons! It's Robert Frost!" Then go to the rooftop, take the balloon in your hands and try to scare off the birds by running towards the birds and twisting it. Go back to the clown and get a "Robert Frost" balloon animal. When you climb into Domino's office, try cracking his computer password a bunch of times until Manny tries to type in "Arrogant Fraud".īefore climbing onto the rooftop to get the bird eggs for Salvador. Chat with Eva about her involvement in the LSA. Talk to Salvador about his plot to bring down The Department of Death. Keep asking Meche if she's done something bad during her lifetime. When you arrive in the Land of the living, Walk up to the three people in the cafeteria and interact with them, it will "scare" them!Īfter breaking the pneumatic tubing machine, ask Brennis how he got into the machine as he's repairing it. Go outside The department of death and keep chatting with the clown until you can scare him so he pops a balloon. Tip: Do this before asking him to become your driver! Go down to the garage and chat with Glottis about his purpose in this land. Use Eva's hole punch! (Just punch it without the card in your hands.) She's sitting at her desk and talk to her about the past and ask how she got stuck in the Land of the dead. NOTE: IF YOU WANT TO COMPLETE THIS ACHIEVEMENT YOU'LL HAVE TO PLAY THE ENTIRE GAME WITH THIS ON. Before you do anything in the game, press "esc" then enter the options.Īdjust the movement mode setting from "Camera Relative" To "Tank Controls". When a person who is living with these challenges receives comprehensive, personalized care, they can achieve and maintain long-term recovery. The good news about this sad reality is that eating disorders, PTSD, and trauma are treatable. Without proper care, people who are struggling with PTSD or other forms of untreated trauma may engage in a variety of self-defeating behaviors, including disordered eating, in an attempt to cope with or distance themselves from their emotional pain. In clinical terms, trauma refers to the psychological impact of life-threatening events, such as physical attacks, sexual assault, emotional abuse, military combat, acts of terrorism, automobile accidents, or natural disasters. Unfortunately, many people who struggle with eating disorders are also living with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or other effects of untreated trauma. When eating disorders are accompanied by other mental health concerns, the challenge can become significantly more complex. We accomplish this by adopting an environment of trust and responsibility for oneself and for others.Īnorexia, bulimia, binge-eating disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, orthorexia, and other forms of disordered eating are serious illnesses that can have devastating outcomes. We respect our clients’ rights and their dignity throughout their struggle from addiction to recovery. We provide individualized treatment in a comfortable, compassionate and caring environment where clients can feel safe and are encouraged to live a life of sobriety through inner harmony. Throughout the milieu of treatment, we encourage and teach our clients to gain self-esteem, confidence, communication skills and life-skills to continue in the next step of the recovery process. We strive to provide our clients with the necessary skills and the clinical understanding of their addiction to help prevent relapse and continue long-term sobriety. We understand the struggles of addiction and believe that each client deserves to be treated with compassion and acceptance. I look forward to the privilege of working with you and helping in any way that I can.We are a team of experienced and knowledgeable individuals in recovery who operate a professional residential and outpatient counseling center conveniently located in Sandusky, OH. ![]() I strive to listen, meet clients where they are, empower them, and motivate them to uncover their strengths and achieve their ultimate goals. ![]() My main goal is to help clients achieve their goals by building a safe and therapeutic environment. Clients have said they find me genuine and encouraging. I specialize in a variety of therapeutic techniques including, but not limited to, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Complex Trauma, TF-CBT, Motivational Interviewing, Mindfulness, and Play Therapy, etc. ![]() I love working in a private practice - helping clients meet their individual goals and improving their coping skills to decrease symptoms of depression, anxiety, anger, relationship issues, and trauma. Hello, I am Licensed Independent Social Worker and Supervisor (LISW-S) who graduated from the University of Kentucky with a master’s degree in 2013. I have extensive experience working with adults, teens, children, families, and some couples in community mental health, outpatient, school, and hospital settings. ![]() Stanford University Press: Stanford, California. ![]() Aquatic plants helped keep the water clean and. During the early Classic Period, the Maya had built only a few cities in Mesoamerica. Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies, Inc. They built raised-earth platforms above the canals and created wetlands. The Classic Period is divided into Early Classic: 250-550 C.E. Chen K’u: The Ceramic of the Sacred Cenote at Chichén Itzá. What is the fee for Internet / WIFI at the. civilization noun complex way of life that developed as humans began to develop urban settlements. The minimum age is 18 years old, however, over Spring Break (February through March) the minimum age is 25 years. Lacandon and Tzotzil-Tzeltal oral tradition are particularly rich in jaguar lore. Their associated narratives (part of Maya mythology) are still largely to be reconstructed. chultun noun cistern, or underground water-storage chamber created by the Mayan civilization in Central America. The pre-Columbian Maya religion knew various jaguar gods, in addition to jaguar demi-gods, (ancestral) protectors, and transformers.The main jaguar deities are discussed below. '1,700 years ago, speakers of proto-Cholan, the ancestor for three Maya languages still in use, had developed a calendar of 18 20-day months plus a set. The Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya: An Illustrated Dictionary of Mesoamerican Religion. noun study of human history, based on material remains. The Maya calendar system was complicated. Beginning her nationally-recognized career at age 21 with the creation of the Vietnam Veterans. Survival and revival of Terminal Classic traditions at Postclassic Mayapán. Maya Lin is one of the most renowned visual artists of our time. Lightning Sky, Rain, and the Maize God: The Ideology of Preclassic Maya Rulers at Ancient Mesoamerica 17:57-78. de Orellana M, Suderman M, Maldonado Méndez Ó, Galavitz R, González Aktories S, Camacho Díaz G, Alegre González L, Hadatty Mora Y, Maldonado Núñez P, Castelli C et al.Cambridge Archaeological Journal 21(02):187-216. Water in the Maya Lowlands, comprising parts of Mexico and upper Central America (Figure 1), was historically scarce during the dry season, lasting from late May through December and receiving less than ten percent of the annual rainfall. ![]() Finally, the modular design makes adding tools convenient - even in the field. Lateral movement simplifies navigation during remote inspection work. Deep Trekker - The Pivot Expert Reach depths of up to 305m Swappable batteries 97-degree rotating tool 200-degree rotating HD camera Up to 3 hours of. With the handheld 7” LCD controller and straightforward operations, the PIVOT is easy to use, allowing operators to be trained quickly. the launch of newest submersible remotely operated vehicle (ROV) PIVOT. Lightweight and reliable Alpine adapters that convert your downhill ski bindings into an AT ski touring setup in seconds, superior alternative to Trekker. Lateral movement and 220-degree range of motion on the high definition camera allows users to complete inspections in a timely, straightforward manner. Deep Trekker Inc., Subsite Electronics, and ARIES INDUSTRIES, INC are Dominating. Stability and powerĮquipped with 6 strong thrusters powered by lithium-ion batteries, the PIVOT provides users with stability, power, speed and control in a portable package. Built with tough materials like carbon fibre and aluminium, paired with magnetically coupled thrusters, stainless steel components, and sapphire lens cover ensures durability in the harshest of conditions. Built to lastĭesigned to provide years of service, the PIVOT is made for tough jobs. Intelligent sensors, lateral movement and strength make the ideal vehicle for remote inspections. The PIVOT Smart includes everything you need to get started and get your eyes underwater. I think for an inspection and survey tool for ROV services here in Ontario that I operate, this tool is a great way forward and I am really excited.With the Deep Trekker PIVOT, portability meets unmatched power. It’s got great movement, it feels really nice on the controls. Equipped with 6 strong thrusters powered by lithium batteries, the PIVOT provides users with stability, power, speed and control in a portable package. Very impressive! I love that it is still one man portable, it’s easy to launch and it’s so solid in the water. Deep Trekker BRIDGE leverages the latest in technology to provide solutions that are intuitive and easy to use for its customers. An operating system designed with custom hardware and software for control, integration, communication, and enhanced operation. With the support of the Deep Trekker team behind every vehicle, users can expect exceptional customer service.Īn intelligent, technology platform from Deep Trekker.Marc Deglinnocenti, /captain-marcs-maritime-fund Deep. Magnetically coupled thrusters, stainless steel components, and sapphire lens cover paired with intelligent design ensure that operators can trust their vehicle to get the job done. Tritech International ROV Pivot Nav (Courtesy of Deep Trekker) DEEP TREKKER Advertisement TREKS INTO TECH By Capt.Providing years of service – saving time and money long term. PIVOT is a tough and reliable vehicle.With Deep Trekker’s robust and dependable design operators can trust their PIVOT to work right out of the box no matter what the mission. The 220-degree range of motion on the HD camera allows users to complete inspections in a timely, straightforward manner. Deep Trekker Difference Combining flexibility, stability, and intelligent featuresĩ7-degree rotating tool positioning provides pilots with flexible imaging options and convenient tool manipulation from a stable platform – allowing for jobs to be completed quickly and conveniently. If you’re unfamiliar with Roads and Bridges magazine, here’s an excerpt from Wikipedia to catch you up. Here is a link to which provides additional information that may be of interest. This alert and the limitation of certain kinds of drives comes from macOS, and is not something FastTrack Schedule 2022 has any control over. Standard thumb drives that have not been reformatted to HFS+ and network connections to volumes over AFP, SMB, or NFS don’t support Apple’s versioning system, so macOS via FastTrack Schedule 2022 presents the message, “The document is on a volume that does not support permanent version storage.” The versioning feature works with Mac OS Extended (HFS+) volumes that are directly connected to your computer. The message sounds more alarming than it really is. You just won’t be able to roll back a file to a prior version. If you are saving to a volume (drive) that doesn’t support this feature, you can still use FastTrack Schedule 2022 without any problem. When versioning system is functioning, you can roll back a file to prior versions (even after saving and reopening) via the File menu “Revert To” command. (This feature looks similar to the Mac Time Machine interface.) Once the folder is created, both your FastTrack Schedule (.fts) and Microsoft Project (.xml) files will be saved into this location.FastTrack Schedule 2022 for Mac supports Apple’s Revert To and Versioning system. It is a good idea to create a folder that is only for your project schedules (such as My Schedule Files).ħ. Choose the location that is easiest for you to remember and access. Upon the first save of your schedule, FastTrack Schedule will prompt you for a location to save the file. Once you’ve made your selection, click OK.Ħ. By choosing the second radio button, “Always save an additional file of same type as originally opened,” FastTrack Schedule will dynamically save the appropriate file type.ĥ. If you are unsure of the Microsoft Project file format being supported or working with Mindjet MindManager (.mmap) or iCalendar (.ics), you may want to consider letting FastTrack Schedule make the selection for you. For versions of Microsoft Project that do not support the XML file format, you can select Microsoft Project Exchange (.mpx) as an alternative.Ĥ. To always save a copy of your schedule as a Microsoft Project compatible file, we recommend choosing the Microsoft Project XML (.xml) option. This will provide you with four options to choose from. ![]() Under Additional Save Options, select the first radio button “ Always save an additional file of the following type.” Go to the FastTrack Schedule 10 menu and select Preferences.ģ. Ribbon: Go to the File menu or Application Button and select Application Options.Ĭlassic: Go to the Tool menu and select Application Options. To locate on the Windows or Mac versions: Select Application Options (Windows) or Preferences (Mac). Most importantly, it takes out unnecessary steps or expected user know how when collaborating with team members using Microsoft Project.ġ. Not only is this a time saver, but it’s extremely helpful when it comes to creating corporate templates or streamlining processes. But did you know that you can set FastTrack Schedule to automatically save your projects as Microsoft Project files? Leave it up to FastTrack Schedule to do all the work! FastTrack Schedule 10 opens Microsoft Project files and exports as Microsoft Project XML. ![]() (Yep, even the Landmark Preservation Committee approves faux muntins.) Now that double-strength (insulating) windows are the norm, White says SDLs are much more prominent than TDLs-including in landmark properties. The juxtaposition of classical and contemporary creates an elegant structure rooted in a deep knowledge of the local vernacular," Coburn says. White says Historic Windows just did a Tribeca cast-iron building, "which you might think is just a replica of a 200-year-old window but in reality is a high-performance window with sound insulation, energy-efficient glass that's still respecting the architectural detail of the building."Ībsolutely. In the Cobble Hill townhouse above, The Brooklyn Studio combined traditional details with modern techniques, which is "especially apparent in the building’s windows: the lintels and sills are made of brownstone, while the oriel window and rear bay are made of steel and glass. This same design language was then applied to the three-story bay window (it extends to the garden level), replacing the traditional bay window, which had large mullions and small panes, with modern curvilinear panes that extend from floor to ceiling. Referencing the same project, he explains that the addition of the wrap-around window was inspired by the observation windows found on early 20th century passenger trains and is a subtle nod to the home's era. "Mullions can be structural, but in this image they are not-they are only holding the separate window units together and stiffening the overall curtain wall," Coburn says. And they have applications for all types of windows-double-hung, casement, tilt and turn, fixed, you name it.įor example, in the photo at top, the wrap-around window on the first level and the three-story bay windows have vertical mullions and the bays also have slim horizontal muntins. And if you live in a historic district, good luck getting new windows approved without them (more on this below).īut muntins and mullions have modern applications, too, with the lines forming all manner of patterns, including asymmetrical iterations. The classic four- or eight-light window has certainly stood the test of time and is for many people the default, especially if the rest of the building skews toward tradition. White for instance prefers to refer to windows with muntins as either TDLs (true divided lites) or SDLs (simulated divided lites)-which can add to the architectural jargon confusion. ![]() ![]() Since then, they've continued to evolve and take on new iterations as well as terminology. Mullions were required to support the structure of the heavy stone and brick facades around the openings.īy the time massive sheets of glass could be made and shipped without risk of breaking, the look of windows with these details had caught on-and muntins began to mostly be used for visual interest, while even mullions were no longer always essential supports given advances in building technology. As Clai White, principal of renovation and restoration company Historical Windows of New York, explains it, before the Victorian era, it was impossible or impractical to fabricate large sheets of glass, so muntin rods allowed people to cobble smaller panes into larger grid patterns. Originally muntins and mullions were borne out of necessity. Both are commonly made of wood, steel, or aluminum and can run vertically or horizontally. It's easy to get these two elements confused because they both divide a window into segments, only in different ways.Īccording to Brendan Coburn, principal of architecture and design firm The Brooklyn Studio, muntins divide panes of glass (called lites) within a window frame or window unit. |
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